All-Printed 3D Human Skin Equivalents for Wound Healing

Abstract

Fabrication of human skin equivalents with a physiological relevance to the native human skin is becoming more necessary to displace the conventional animal testing in the cosmetics field or the autologous transplantation for medical treatment. Here, we present all-printed full-thickness 3D human skin equivalents as an end product and introduce the key roles of precise inkjet cell patterning in the tissue fabrication and wound healing.