Elucidating sources of mercury in the west coast of Korea and the Chinese marginal seas using mercury stable isotopes

Abstract

Nearshore systems play an important role as mercury (Hg) sources to the open ocean and to human health via fish consumption. The nearshore system along East Asia is of particular concern given the rapid industrialization, which contributes to significant anthropogenic Hg emissions and releases. We used Hg stable isotopes to characterize Hg sources in the sediment and fish along the west coast of Korea, located at the northeast of the East China Sea. The Hg isotope ratios of the west coast sediments (δ202Hg; −0.89 to −0.27‰, Δ199Hg; −0.04 to 0.14‰) were statistically similar with other nearshore sediments (δ202Hg; −0.99 to −0.30‰, Δ199Hg; −0.04 to 0.19‰) and overlapped with the industrial Hg source end-member (δ202Hg; −0.5‰, Δ199Hg; 0.01‰) estimated from the Chinese marginal seas. Using a ternary mixing model, we estimated that industrial Hg sources contribute 83–97% in the west coast of Korea, and riverine and atmospheric Hg sources play minor roles in the Korean west coast and the Chinese marginal seas. The comparison between Hg isotope ratios of the sediment and nearshore fish revealed that the fish in the most west coast sites are exposed to MeHg produced in the sediment. At a few southwest coast sites, external MeHg produced in rivers and the open ocean water column appears to be more important as a source in fish. This is supported by much higher δ202Hg (0.74‰; similar to oceanic fish) and lower δ202Hg (−0.71‰; similar to riverine sources) compared to fish collected from other west coast sites influenced by sedimentary MeHg. The substantial Hg contributions from industrial activities suggest the national policies regulating anthropogenic Hg releases can directly mitigate human Hg exposure originating via local fish consumption. This study contributes to the growing regional and global inventories of Hg fluxes and sources exported into coastal oceans.