Application of x-ray nonlinear processes to the measurement of 10 fs to sub-ps of x-ray pulses

Abstract

We study the measurement of pulses of short-pulse x-ray sources through multi-x-ray absorption processes, that is, x-ray nonlinear optical processes and the effect of the lifetime of the inner-shell excited states on the measurement theoretically. The x-ray pulses may be measured by an auto-correlation method, that is, by using double x-ray pulses and the x-ray emission from a multi-inner-shell excited state which has an intermediate state with a much shorter lifetime than the x-ray pulse. The necessary atomic data for the measurement are discussed and shown.